technology in agriculture

The major cultivated crops can be classified according to the agronomic purpose. On this basis, the distinguishable groups of crops can be... I) PULSES (aka Grain Legumes) The plants belonging to family leguminosae are cultivated for their edible seeds. For example, chickpea, garden pea, cowpea (lobia), mung bean, mash bean, lentil and pigeon pea. II) CEREALS (aka Grain crops) Grasses belonging to family Poaceae which are cultivated for their edible grains are called cereals. They are mostly narrow and long leaved plants without main stem. For example, wheat, rice, maize, barley and sorghum . III) OILSEED CROPS The crops cultivated for extraction of oil from their seeds are called  oilseed crops. For example, cotton, brassica, sunflower, peanut, groundnut, sesame , soybean, linseed, castor bean and flax. IV) FIBER CROPS The crops grown for their fiber which is the raw material for textile industry are called fiber crops. They are used for clothing, rope making and rugs. For example

Animal husbandry is basically the rearing, breeding and keeping of farm animals for producing food and other products for human beings. Livestock industry accounts for more than 50% of the share in GDP of Pakistan. Thus animal husbandry is a very vast and important discipline of agriculture and it can never b neglected. Following are major disciplines of animal husbandry. I) LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT It deals with the rearing and maintenance of cattle, sheep, horses and goats and breeding and for milk, meat and draft purposes. Animal nutrition is important with respect to livestock management because good nutritional quality food ensure healthy animals. II) POULTRY FARMING It deals with rearing of birds specially hens (layers and broilers), cocks, ducks and turkey for milk and meat production. III) DAIRY FARMING It deals with keeping and maintenance of cows and buffalo for milk production and milk products. IV) FISH CULTURE It deals with the rearing of fish in ponds for meat production. V

The system of classification of plants has existed from centuries. It began to be formally known during the era of Carlous Linnaeous when he first published the book about classification of plants and a few years later published book of classification of animals. The classification system proposed by Linnaeous is knows today as conventional system. The organisms in the plant kingdom were classified into divisions or phyla according to structural features. I) THALLOPHYTA These are the simplest organisms which had cell walls and lack structures like roots, stems and leaves. They include bacteria, fungi and algae . The most renowned among these are mushrooms and nitrogen fixing bacteria. And many are notorious plant pathogens causing serious diseases of plants like rusts and smuts . II) BRYOPHYTA These are mosses, liverworts and hornworts which lack true roots and flowers. These species are ecologically very important in the tropics and forest ecosystems. III) PTERIDOPHYTA These are

Agriculture , as already mentioned, is a broad discipline which covers a broad spectrum of disciplines. It is mainly divided into two main disciplines: Crop husbandry and Animal husbandry. CROP HUSBANDRY - deals with the various aspects of crops from seed sowing, on field and off-field operations, harvesting, threshing, storage and marketing of the products. It can be further divided into the following main sub-divisions;  I) AGRONOMY Agronomy is the mother discipline of agriculture and defined as a pplication of plant, soil and related sciences for the improvement, production and  use of field crops. It is a scientific and technology oriented approach towards raising of field crops commercially on profitable grounds and management of soil resources to meet the fundamental requirements of life (food, feed and fibre). It covers the following branches of study; 1) CROP PRODUCTION � deals with the sowing, caring, harvesting and threshing of all types of the crops. 2) CROP PHYSIOLOGY �

Agriculture is a main discipline of plant science  and a very broad term. It can be defined in hundreds of ways, for example, An art, a science & business as well of raising crops and rearing of animals through exploiting the natural resources (soil & climate) with the coordination of socio economic infrastructure to meet the fundamental necessities of life, i.e. food, feed, fibre and shelter. Another definition is Agriculture is the cultivation of soil, management of soil and all farm operations carried out from sowing to harvesting of crops and rearing of animals at the farm. Agriculture can never be abandoned in any part of the world because there is no survival of mankind without the food production through agriculture. And not only food production but also there are so we are depending on agriculture for medicine, exports, cotton, leather and wool products, nutrition, meat, woods and straw for construction, timber and other purposes and numerous application in many of th

The following are most common agricultural land measuring units being used in Pakistan. Karam 1 karam = 2 ft. steps = 5.5 ft. = 1.67 m 1 sq. Karam = 5.5 x 5.5 ft. = (5.5) 2 ft. 2 = 30.25 ft. 2           or 1 sq. Karam = 1.67 x 1.67 m = (1.67) 2 m 2 = 2.679 m 2 Marla 1 Marla = 9 sq. Karam = 9 x (5.5) 2 ft. 2 = 9 x 30.25 ft. 2 = 272.24 ft. 2         or 1 Marla = 9 sq. Karam = 9 x (1.67) 2 m 2 = 9 x 2.789m 2 = 25.10 m 2 Kanal 1 Kanal (K) = 20 Marla = 20 x 272.24 ft. 2 = 5444.8 ft. 2 (since, 1 Marla = 272.24 ft. 2 )   or 1 Kanal (K) = 20 Marla = 20 x 25.10 m 2 = 502 m 2         (since, 1 Marla = 25.10 m 2 )     or 1 Kanal (K) = 20 Marla = 20 x 9 sq. Karam = 180 sq. Karam  (since 1 Marla = 9 sq. Karam) Bega 1 Bega (B) = 4 Kanal = 4 x 5444.8 ft. 2 = 21779.2 ft. 2   (since, 1 Kanal = 5444.8 ft. 2 )    or 1 Bega (B) = 4 Kanal = 4 x 502 m 2 = 2008 m 2             (since, 1 Kanal = 502 m 2 )         or 1 Bega (B) = 4 Kanal = 4 x 180 sq. Karam = 720 sq. Karam        (since, 1 Kanal = 180

The world around us is so precious and beautiful. There are numerous varieties of plants around us which are charming, fascination, enchanting and give us the gift of fragrance, fruits, flowers and other necessities of life. According to historians, human beings started domestication of plants around 10,000 B.C and this is the start of agriculture.  No one among us can deny the importance of plants in our daily life; our survival on this planet Earth is not possible without plants. Plant provide us food, shelter, clothing, wood for construction, medicines and important natural extracts which are part of products of our daily use like herbal soaps and herbal drinks.  So, human dependence on plants compelled our ancestors to discover, collect, domesticate and investigate various plant species, thus leading to the development of plant science aka phytology (Phyto = plant, logos = to study). This humble beginning led to the modern day agriculture. Phytology includes both a gricultural an

The following table presents list of common crops of Pakistan, along with their botanical names, agronomic use and sowing season. Sr. no. Vernacular name Botanical name Family Agronomic use Sowing season A.       CEREAL CROPS 1. Ghandum / Kanak / Wheat Triticum aestivum Poaceae Cereals Rabi 2. Juo / Barley Hordeum vulgare Poaceae Cereals/ Fodder Rabi 3. Dhaan / Rice / Paddy Oryza sativa Poaceae Cereals Kharif 4. Makkai / Corn / Maize Zea mays Poaceae Cereals / Fodder / Oilseeds Kharif 5. Jowar / Chari / Great Millet / Sorghum Sorghum bicolor Poaceae Cereals / Fodder Kharif (Grain purpose) Rabi (Fodder purpose) 6. Bajra / Pearl Millet Pennisetum typhoides Poaceae Cereals / Fodder Kharif B.       FOOD LEGUMES 1. Kalay Channay / Chickpea / Gram Cicer arietinum Fabaceae Pulses Rabi 2. Kabuli Channay / Chickpea / White Gram Cicer arietinum Fabaceae Pulses Rabi 3