technology in agriculture

The organic matter contents of a good mineral soil are 2-5% which consists of organic matter in the form of living and dead organic matter. Living organic matter consists of soil microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, nematodes and earthworms), plant roots and insects.  Dead organic matter is added after the death of these living organisms and addition of leaves, bark of trees and dead animals.  Farmyard manure, composts and mushroom compost are also source of dead organic matter. All of this organic matter is ultimately broken down into carbon dioxide, water and minerals. Humus is the collection of organic compounds that persists in soil for longer duration. Soil section from a grass field LIVING ORGANISMS IN THE SOIL Living organisms in the soil ecosystem for food webs and food chains.  1. The source of converting sunlight and simpler compounds into organic compounds are the Producers , which are involved in photosynthesis (green plants mostly in agricultural soils). Next are...

Fungi are small, generally microscopic, eukaryotic, usually filamentous, branched, spore-bearing organisms that lack chlorophyll. Fungi have cell walls that contain chitin and glucans (but no cellulose) as the skeletal components. What is Phylogenetic Classification? A classification based on the evolutionary relationships is known as Phylogenetic classification . A taxon (plural; taxa) is any category of classification. IMPORTANCE Although classification can be done on the basis of any criteria but classifying on the basis of phylogenetic relationships aid us �   in understanding the evolutionary changes and �   allow one to make prediction on the basis of what is known about an organism and its close relatives. Traditional Classification of Fungi u   In the 2 kingdom system of classification , fungi were placed under kingdom Plantae . Modern Classification of Fungi u   According to Hawksworth et al ., 1995 and Alexopoulos and Mims, 1979: The organisms once consid...

Mushrooms are the beautiful and intricate fungi which have their usefulness and disadvantages. On one hand, they are edible but on the other hand they are parasitic, saprophytic and toxic through even a single bite to human.  Flammulina velutipes Here we are going to present an account of medical importance of some of the popular mushrooms that have been used in treatment of ailments since ancient times. Mushrooms  Role of Edible  Mushrooms for the Cure of Diseases Oyster mushroom Protection against cancer, cure of renal failure Polyporus officinalis Applied externally to stop bleeding, chronic catarrh disease of the breast and lungs. Boletus laricis Flamed eyes, inflammation of the throats Fomes fomentarius Rapid coagulation of blood Volvariella volvacea Used to reduce blood pressure and also act against tumor cells Agaricus muscaria Tincture for swollen glands, epilepsy and various diseases Heart ailments and rheumatoid...

Fungi and fungi like organisms (FLOs) such as Pythium and Phytophthora collectively cause more diseases in the plants then do rest of the pathogen as a whole. More than 10,000 species of the fungi and FLOs are known to be pathogen to plants . The diseases caused by the fungi are so numerous and widespread that they are found all over the world and throughout all the seasons. Cercospora leaf spots of Bauhinia variegata   Symptom is defined as the changes brought about in the plant as a result of interaction of the plant, the pathogen and prevailing environmental conditions. Sign , compared with symptom, is the pathogen seen on the host plant. Symptoms caused by fungal pathogens mainly differ from the symptoms by rest of the pathogens. These symptoms can be broadly categorized as following depending upon the processes involved in the appearance of disease symptoms on the host. Necrotic Symptoms Abnormal growth and development of plant tissues Other Symptoms 1. NECROTIC SYMPTOMS T...