technology in agriculture

Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crop in the world and leading staple food in most countries. In Pakistan, rice the second most important staple food of the people and in the past economic year 2012-13, it was cultivated over 2,311,000 hectares in Pakistan and its production was about 5,541,000 tonnes, according to economic survey of Pakistan 2012-13. Rice Fields Here we are going to present the outline of major diseases of rice in Pakistan and their pathogens. The details of these will be presented in the later articles on PakAgriFarming. Table: Table enlisting the major rice diseases occurring in Pakistan and their pathogens. Sr. No. Disease Pathogen 01. Bacterial Leaf Spot Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae 02. Bakanae Fusarium fujikuroi (anamorph) Syn: Fusarium moniliforme (anamorph) Gibberella fujikuroi (telomorph) 03. Blast disease of rice Pyriculari oryzae (anamorph) Magnaporthe grisea (telomorph) ...

Fungi are small, generally microscopic, eukaryotic, usually filamentous, branched, spore-bearing organisms that lack chlorophyll. Fungi have cell walls that contain chitin and glucans (but no cellulose) as the skeletal components. What is Phylogenetic Classification? A classification based on the evolutionary relationships is known as Phylogenetic classification . A taxon (plural; taxa) is any category of classification. IMPORTANCE Although classification can be done on the basis of any criteria but classifying on the basis of phylogenetic relationships aid us �   in understanding the evolutionary changes and �   allow one to make prediction on the basis of what is known about an organism and its close relatives. Traditional Classification of Fungi u   In the 2 kingdom system of classification , fungi were placed under kingdom Plantae . Modern Classification of Fungi u   According to Hawksworth et al ., 1995 and Alexopoulos and Mims, 1979: The organisms once consid...

Mushrooms are the beautiful and intricate fungi which have their usefulness and disadvantages. On one hand, they are edible but on the other hand they are parasitic, saprophytic and toxic through even a single bite to human.  Flammulina velutipes Here we are going to present an account of medical importance of some of the popular mushrooms that have been used in treatment of ailments since ancient times. Mushrooms  Role of Edible  Mushrooms for the Cure of Diseases Oyster mushroom Protection against cancer, cure of renal failure Polyporus officinalis Applied externally to stop bleeding, chronic catarrh disease of the breast and lungs. Boletus laricis Flamed eyes, inflammation of the throats Fomes fomentarius Rapid coagulation of blood Volvariella volvacea Used to reduce blood pressure and also act against tumor cells Agaricus muscaria Tincture for swollen glands, epilepsy and various diseases Heart ailments and rheumatoid...

INTRODUCTION Potato ( Solanum tuberosum  L.) is a very important vegetable and ranks fourth in the world with respect to production, in United States of America it is ranked fifth. Pakistan has further lower ranking in this regard. Potato is also staple food in many communities and it has a large spectrum of cultivar based on shape, size and colour of its edible tuber. Warts on Potato Tubers Potato wart disease is an important disease. This is an ancient and widely spread disease across the globe. There had been records of its presence in the ancient tribes of Africa and later it appeared in Americas. Other names also include; black scab, black wart, potato canker, potato cancer, warty disease and many other names in other regional languages. The spread of disease has been mainly due to trade of the diseased potato across the continents. In modern times, the quarantine approaches has largely reduced the impact of disease yet this disease continues to exist. Synchytrium endioticum ...

Fungi and fungi like organisms (FLOs) such as Pythium and Phytophthora collectively cause more diseases in the plants then do rest of the pathogen as a whole. More than 10,000 species of the fungi and FLOs are known to be pathogen to plants . The diseases caused by the fungi are so numerous and widespread that they are found all over the world and throughout all the seasons. Cercospora leaf spots of Bauhinia variegata   Symptom is defined as the changes brought about in the plant as a result of interaction of the plant, the pathogen and prevailing environmental conditions. Sign , compared with symptom, is the pathogen seen on the host plant. Symptoms caused by fungal pathogens mainly differ from the symptoms by rest of the pathogens. These symptoms can be broadly categorized as following depending upon the processes involved in the appearance of disease symptoms on the host. Necrotic Symptoms Abnormal growth and development of plant tissues Other Symptoms 1. NECROTIC SYMPTOMS T...